DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF A SCRATCH-BASED INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA FOR TEACHING LOGICAL INFORMATICS IN UZBEK SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Keywords:
Scratch programming; Logical Informatics; computational thinking; instructional media development; ADDIE model; Research and Development; secondary education; UzbekistanAbstract
encompassing sequencing, conditional reasoning, iteration, and algorithmic problem solving — remains one of the most challenging strands of school Informatics instruction, particularly where teaching relies on theoretical explanation rather than hands-on practice. This study addresses this challenge within the Uzbek secondary-school context by developing, validating, and evaluating a Scratch-based instructional media package through a Research and Development (R&D) approach structured around the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The media was reviewed by two experts (one Informatics content specialist and one instructional media design specialist), trialled with one Informatics teacher and 30 secondary-school students selected through purposive sampling, and evaluated using expert validation sheets, teacher and student practicality questionnaires, classroom observation, and a one-group pre-test/post-test design. Expert validation produced an overall score of 87.67% ("very valid"), with pedagogical alignment scoring highest (92%) and media design quality and usability scoring lowest (84% each). Teacher practicality was rated 89% and student practicality 87.2%, both classified as "very practical." Classroom observation indicated 85% ("very good") engagement. Mean achievement rose from 60.33 at pre-test to 83.17 at post-test, a gain of 22.84 points, with a normalized gain (N-Gain) of 0.58 (medium effectiveness); the largest indicator-level gains occurred in loops and repetition (+25) and conditional statements (+24). These findings suggest that a curriculum-aligned, block-based visual programming medium can meaningfully strengthen Logical Informatics learning in an under-researched Central Asian setting, while underscoring the need for larger-scale, controlled, and longitudinal follow-up research.References
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