EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION (PM2.5, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, AND OZONE) ON RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH
Abstract
Air pollution has emerged as a critical environmental determinant of health, contributing substantially to global disease burden. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ground-level ozone are among the most harmful air pollutants due to their widespread presence and biological activity. Numerous studies have established a strong association between exposure to these pollutants and the development of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. This article explores the health impacts of PM2.5, NO₂, and ozone, emphasizing their role in disease causation and progression. Evidence indicates that these pollutants induce oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular dysfunction, ultimately increasing morbidity and mortality. Addressing air pollution is therefore essential for effective disease prevention and sustainable public health planning.
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