Журнал «Научный Фокус» освещает сферу духовно-просветительского мышления человека, общественно-политическую жизнь человека, институты гражданского общества, глобальные проблемы, проблемы образования, новые технологии, производимые сегодня, реформирование системы образования и публикуются научные статьи, посвященные открытому научно-популярному анализу. Журнал предназначен для студентов, магистров, профессиональных ученых и исследователей, преподавателей вузов. В издании публикуются статьи проблемного и научно-практического характера. Основные отличия журнала «Научный Фокус»: ✔️ Обзор – в течение трех дней с момента подачи заявки на публикацию. ✔️ Номер журнала будет опубликован на сайте через 5 дней после окончания приема статей. ✔️ Журнал «Новости преподавания» включен в список рекомендуемых научных изданий для публикации основных научных результатов докторских диссертаций.
O‘ZBEKISTONDA “YASHIL” IQTISODIYOTGA O‘TISHDA RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR VA CHIQINDISIZ ISHLAB CHIQARISH (ZERO-WASTE) LOYIHALARINING O‘RNI
Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda “yashil” iqtisodiyotga o‘tish jarayonida raqamli texnologiyalar va chiqindisiz ishlab chiqarish loyihalarining ahamiyati yoritilgan. Raqamli monitoring, sun’iy intellekt, “aqlli” boshqaruv tizimlari va ma’lumotlar tahlilidan foydalanish orqali tabiiy resurslarni tejash, chiqindilarni kamaytirish hamda ishlab chiqarish samaradorligini oshirish imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, ekologik muammolarga innovatsion yechimlar ishlab chiqishda hakaton loyihalarining o‘rni ochib berilgan.
“yashil” iqtisodiyot, raqamli texnologiyalar, chiqindisiz ishlab chiqarish, zero-waste, ekologik innovatsiyalar, resurs tejamkorligi, sun’iy intellekt, raqamli monitoring, hakaton, barqaror rivojlanish.
SUN’IY INTELLEKT TEXNOLOGIYALARINING MARKETING SAMARADORLIGIGA TA’SIRINI BAHOLASH
Maqolada sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalarining marketing jarayonlari samaradorligiga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. AI yordamida mijozlar ma’lumotlarini tahlil qilish, reklamani shaxsiylashtirish va marketing jarayonlarini avtomatlashtirish imkoniyatlari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, mazkur texnologiyalarning konversiya, mijozlar faolligi va xarajatlar samaradorligiga ta’siri baholanadi.
sun’iy intellekt, marketing, raqamli marketing, avtomatlashtirish, shaxsiylashtirish, marketing samaradorligi.
O‘ZBEKISTONNING XALQARO SAVDO MUNOSABATLARINI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING IQTISODIY VA BIZNES MEXANIZMLARINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
Mazkur maqolada zamonaviy globallashuv va strukturaviy islohotlar sharoitida O‘zbekiston Respublikasining xalqaro savdo munosabatlarini rivojlantirish hamda milliy biznes subyektlarining eksport salohiyatini oshirishning iqtisodiy-biznes mexanizmlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda Jahon savdo tashkilotiga (JST) a’zo bo‘lish jarayonining biznes muhitiga ta’siri, GSP+ imtiyozli savdo rejimidan foydalanish, davlat tomonidan eksportni qo‘llab-quvvatlash va tashqi savdo operatsiyalarini raqamlashtirish masalalari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, geografik-logistik cheklovlar, xalqaro standartlashtirish hamda eksport diversifikatsiyasidagi tizimli muammolar ko‘rib chiqilib, mahalliy ishlab chiqaruvchilarning global qiymat zanjirlaridagi raqobatbardoshligini oshirish bo‘yicha amaliy taklif va tavsiyalar ilgari surilgan.
xalqaro savdo, eksport salohiyati, Jahon savdo tashkiloti (JST), GSP+, transport-logistika, raqamlashtirish, raqobatbardoshlik, biznes muhiti.
ЧАП ҚОРИНЧАНИНГ ОЛД ДЕВОРИ МИОКАРД ИНФАРКТИДА ЭЛЕКТРОКАРДИОГРАФИК ЎЗГАРИШЛАР
Чап қоринчанинг олд девори миокард инфаркти (Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction) юракнинг энг оғир ўткир ишемик касалликларидан бири бўлиб, асосан чап олдинги тушувчи коронар артерия (LAD) окклюзияси натижасида юзага келади. Ушбу касалликда электрокардиография (ЭКГ) эрта ташхис қўйиш, инфаркт локализациясини аниқлаш ва даволаш самарадорлигини баҳолашнинг асосий усули ҳисобланади. Мақолада олд девор миокард инфарктининг этиологияси, патогенези, клиник белгилари, ЭКГ ўзгаришлари, диагностикаси, даволаш усуллари ва профилактикаси кенг ёритилган.
миокард инфаркти, олд девор инфаркти, ЭКГ, ST сегменти, Q тишчаси, коронар артерия.
XORAZM VILOYATIDA YASHOVCHI AHOLI ORASIDA OG'IZ BO'SHLIG'INING XAVFSIZ O'SMALARI: MORFOLOGIK VA MORFOMETRIK XUSUSIYATLARI
Og'iz bo'shlig'ining xavfsiz o'smalari — epitelial, tolali biriktiruvchi, yog', asab, muskul, tomir va odontogen to'qimalardan kelib chiquvchi keng klinik-morfologik guruh bo'lib, ularning ba'zi turlari klinik jihatdan potensial xavfli yoki malign jarayonlarga o'xshab ko'rinishi mumkin. Shu sababli aniq morfologik tavsif va, imkon qadar, morfometrik baholash to'g'ri tashxis va davolash taktikasini belgilashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. O'zbekiston, jumladan Xorazm viloyati populyatsiyasi bo'yicha bunday tavsifiy ma'lumotlar mavjud adabiyotda hali yetarlicha yoritilmagan.
XORAZM VILOYATIDA YASHOVCHI AHOLI ORASIDA OG'IZ BO'SHLIG'INING XAVFSIZ (BENIGN) O'SMALARI: MORFOLOGIK VA MORFOMETRIK XUSUSIYATLARI
Og'iz bo'shlig'ining xavfsiz (benign) o'smalari epitelial, tolali biriktiruvchi, yog', asab, muskul, tomir va odontogen to'qimalardan kelib chiqadigan turli xil patologik jarayonlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Bu o'smalarning aniq morfologik tavsifi hamda morfometrik baholanishi — o'lchami, shakli, o'sish xarakteri va hujayraviy tuzilishi — differensial diagnostika, davolash taktikasini belgilash va prognoz uchun katta ahamiyatga ega, chunki ba'zi xavfsiz shakllar klinik va gistopatologik jihatdan potensial xavfli yoki malign o'smalar bilan o'xshashlik ko'rsatishi mumkin. Mazkur maqolada og'iz bo'shlig'i xavfsiz o'smalarining zamonaviy klassifikatsiyasi, morfologik xususiyatlari va morfometrik baholash usullari bo'yicha adabiyotlar tahlil qilingan, so'nggi yillardagi klinik seriyalar asosidagi epidemiologik ma'lumotlar umumlashtirilgan hamda miqdoriy morfometrik tahlilning amaliy stomatologik patologiyadagi ahamiyati muhokama qilingan. Mavjud adabiyotlar turli populyatsiyalarda o'sma turlari taqsimotining sezilarli farq qilishini ko'rsatadi, bu esa, jumladan Markaziy Osiyo, shu jumladan O'zbekiston populyatsiyalari bo'yicha mintaqaviy tavsifiy tadqiqotlar zarurligini yana bir bor tasdiqlaydi.
og'iz bo'shlig'i; xavfsiz o'smalar; morfologiya; morfometriya; gistopatologiya; stomatologik patologiya; klassifikatsiya.
DEVELOPING A STRATEGY FOR PROMOTING INNOVATIVE SERVICES TO THE MARKET BASED ON THE REGIONAL GREEN BRAND (THE CASE OF BUKHARA REGION)
The article develops a strategy for promoting innovative services to the market on the basis of the regional green brand, using the Bukhara region of Uzbekistan as a case. The concept of green-brand-based service promotion is clarified, and a portfolio of innovative services capable of capitalising on the region's green brand is systematised across five sectors: sustainable tourism, smart hospitality, green agro-services, renewable-energy services and digital brand infrastructure. Drawing on the segmentation–targeting–positioning (STP) logic, the diffusion-of-innovations theory and the extended green marketing mix, the study proposes a four-stage promotion strategy — brand foundation, service–brand alignment, market entry and scaling — supported by a system of implementation mechanisms and performance indicators. The findings show that a credible regional green brand reduces market-entry barriers for innovative services by lowering perceived risk, shortening the adoption cycle and creating an umbrella effect of trust; at the same time, promotion that outpaces real sustainability performance exposes the region to greenwashing risks. Practical recommendations are formulated for regional authorities, tourism organisations and innovative service providers.
green brand, place branding, innovative services, promotion strategy, green marketing, sustainable tourism, diffusion of innovations, STP model, Bukhara region, regional development.
CENSORSHIP IN TRANSLATION: PROTECTION OR INTELLECTUAL CRIME?
Censorship in translation is a significant issue in Translation Studies, raising debates about whether it protects cultural values or violates intellectual freedom. Translators may omit or modify politically, religiously, or culturally sensitive content to meet the expectations of the target audience. While such changes can improve acceptability, they may also distort the author's intended meaning and message. This study explores the ethical and practical aspects of censorship in translation through qualitative analysis of authentic literary examples. The findings indicate that although censorship may be justified in specific contexts, excessive intervention undermines translation accuracy, the author's voice, and readers' access to the original work. The study emphasizes the importance of balancing cultural sensitivity with fidelity to the source text.
censorship, translation ethics, literary translation, intellectual freedom, cultural adaptation.
ERTA BOLALIKDA EMOTSIONAL BEFARQLIKNING OQIBATLARI.
Erta bolalik davrida emotsional befarqlik bolaning psixologik va ijtimoiy rivojlanishiga jiddiy salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatuvchi muhim muammolardan biridir. Ushbu holat bolaning hissiy intellekti, o'zini o'zi tartibga solish qobiliyati va boshqalar bilan munosabatlarida uzoq muddatli buzilishlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, emotsional befarqlik natijasida bolalarda xavotir, depressiya va xulq-atvor muammolari rivojlanish xavfi ortadi. Mazkur maqola erta bolalikdagi emotsional befarqlikning oqibatlarini har tomonlama tahlil qilib, uning oldini olish va bartaraf etish yo'llarini ko'rib chiqadi. Bu esa bolalarning sog'lom rivojlanishi uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega.
Erta Bolalik, Emotsional Befarqlik, Psixologik Rivojlanish, Ijtimoiy Moslashuv, Hissiy Intellekt, Xulq-atvor Muammolari, Bolalar Psixologiyasi
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY
Ushbu maqolada elektr uskunalarining ishonchliligini baholash va prognozlashning matematik modellari tahlil qilinadi. Elektr energetika tizimlarida qo‘llaniladigan uskunalarning uzluksiz va xavfsiz ishlashi ularning ishonchlilik darajasiga bevosita bog‘liq bo‘lib, bu ko‘rsatkichlarni aniq baholash muhim ilmiy va amaliy ahamiyatga ega. Tadqiqotda ishonchlilik nazariyasining asosiy ko‘rsatkichlari, jumladan, nosozlik ehtimoli, ishonchli ishlash ehtimoli, nosozliklar intensivligi hamda o‘rtacha xizmat muddati matematik jihatdan ifodalanadi. Elektr uskunalarining ishlash jarayonida yuzaga keladigan tasodifiy nosozliklar ehtimollar nazariyasi va statistik usullar asosida modellashtiriladi. Shuningdek, eksponensial va Veybull taqsimotlari yordamida uskunalarning ishonchlilik parametrlari aniqlanib, ularning amaliy qo‘llanish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari elektr uskunalarining texnik holatini baholash, profilaktik xizmat ko‘rsatish muddatlarini optimallashtirish hamda ekspluatatsiya xarajatlarini kamaytirishga xizmat qiladi. Taklif etilgan matematik model elektr energetika obyektlarida uskunalarning ishonchli ishlashini ta’minlaydi.
elektr uskunalar, ishonchlilik, matematik model, nosozlik ehtimoli, ishonchli ishlash ehtimoli, Veybull taqsimoti, eksponensial taqsimot, nosozlik intensivligi, texnik diagnostika, elektr energetika tizimi.
This article explores the process of early language acquisition in children, examining how language develops from infancy through the early stages of childhood. It provides a detailed analysis of the key stages of language development, including pre-linguistic communication, babbling, first-word production, and the emergence of complex grammatical structures. The study discusses the cognitive, social, and environmental factors that influence language learning, highlighting the role of interaction with caregivers and exposure to linguistic input. Examples are presented to illustrate how children gradually acquire vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammatical competence. The article emphasizes the importance of early language acquisition as a foundation for effective communication, cognitive development, and future academic success.
early language acquisition, child language development, language learning, infancy, early childhood, first language acquisition, cognitive development, linguistic input, vocabulary development, grammatical development, communication skills, language acquisition stages.
TASHKILOTLARDA INSON RESURSLARINI BOSHQARISHNING ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLARI VA RIVOJLANISH TENDENSIYALARI
Mazkur maqolada tijorat banklarida inson resurslarini boshqarishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, uning bank faoliyati samaradorligini ta’minlashdagi o‘rni hamda zamonaviy boshqaruv yondashuvlari tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotda bank tizimida kadrlarni tanlash, joylashtirish, o‘qitish, malakasini oshirish, mehnat faoliyatini baholash va rag‘batlantirish jarayonlarining o‘ziga xos jihatlari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, raqamli transformatsiya sharoitida inson resurslarini boshqarish tizimiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar, xodimlar kompetensiyasini rivojlantirish va korporativ madaniyatni takomillashtirish masalalari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijasida tijorat banklarida inson resurslarini boshqarish samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan amaliy taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan. Mazkur takliflar banklarning raqobatbardoshligini oshirish, xodimlar salohiyatidan samarali foydalanish hamda xizmatlar sifatini yaxshilashga xizmat qiladi.
tijorat banki, inson resurslari, kadrlar boshqaruvi, inson kapitali, strategik boshqaruv, motivatsiya, kompetensiya, raqamli HR, korporativ madaniyat, bank samaradorligi.
О‘ZBEK KINО MUSIQASINING IJTIMОIY-MADANIY ОMMALASHUVI VA UNING STRATEGIK RIVОJLANISH MASALALARI
Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda kinomusiqaning ijtimoiy-madaniy rivojlanishi, uning tarixiy bosqichlari va zamonaviy holati ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Kino san’ati tarkibida kinomusiqaning dramaturgik va estetik ahamiyati yoritilib, 1950–80-yillar uning yuksalish davri sifatida asoslab berilgan. Shuningdek, mustaqillik davrida kinomusiqa ishlab chiqarishdagi muammolar va uni rivojlantirishning strategik yo‘nalishlari ko‘rsatib berilgan.
kinomusiqa, dramatizm, kompozitor, soundtrek, estrada san’ati.
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В РАЗВИТИИ И УПРАВЛЕНИИ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ ПОДГОТОВЛЕННОСТЬЮ УЧАЩИХСЯ ШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА
В статье рассмотрена эффективность применения инновационно-педагогических технологий в процессе развития и управления физической подготовленностью учащихся школьного возраста. В исследовании приняли участие 60 учащихся 12-14 лет, распределенных на экспериментальную и контрольную группы. В экспериментальной группе занятия по физическому воспитанию были организованы на основе интерактивных методов, элементов геймификации, цифрового мониторинга и индивидуального подхода, тогда как в контрольной группе применялись традиционные методы обучения. Результаты педагогического эксперимента показали, что комплексное использование инновационных технологий способствует повышению интереса учащихся к занятиям, усилению их двигательной активности, формированию навыков самоконтроля и более выраженному улучшению показателей физической подготовленности.
физическая подготовленность, инновационные технологии, геймификация, цифровой мониторинг, физическое воспитание, школьники, индивидуальный подход.
МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО В ДОСТИЖЕНИИ ЦЕЛЕЙ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ: ОПЫТ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ УЗБЕКИСТАНА И КИТАЯ
Статья посвящена анализу узбекско-китайского сотрудничества в сфере охраны окружающей среды как модели международнoго взаимодействия на пути к достижению Целей устойчивого развития (ЦУР). На основе актуальных истoчников рассматривается эвoлюция двустороннего партнёрства: от подписания межправительственного Соглашения о сoтрудничестве в области охраны oкружающей среды в январе 2024 года до конкретных практических результатов, достигнутых к 2026 году. В работе исследуются ключевые направления взаимодействия — развитие систем раннего предупреждения о пыльных и песчаных бурях, мониторинг качества воздуха и воды, управление твёрдыми отходами, борьба с опустыниванием, а также научнo-образовательный обмен. Показано, как двустороннее сотрудничество обеспечивает технoлогический трансфер, наращивание национального потенциала и институциональное строительство в кoнтексте глобальной повестки устойчивого развития. Сделан вывoд о том, что данная модель партнёрства, реализуемая в рамках ЦУР 13, 15 и 17, может служить oриентиром для других государств Центральноазиатского региона.
цели устойчивого развития, международное сoтрудничество, Узбекистан, Китай, охрана окружающей среды, изменение климата, системы раннегo предупреждения, пыльные бури, монитoринг качества воздуха, опустынивание, экономика пустынь, технологический трансфер, ЦУР 13, ЦУР 17, Центральная Азия.
O‘ZBEKISTON VA XALQARO HAMKORLIK ORQALI SDG 6 (TOZA SUV) MUAMMOSINI HAL ETISH: OROL DENGIZI MISOLIDA AMALIY TAHLILIY VA STRATEGIK TAKLIFLAR
Tobora globallashib borayotgan XXI asrda toza suv insoniyat uchun eng katta muammolardan biriga aylandi. Jumladan, Markaziy Osiyoda, xususan, O‘zbekistonda Orol dengizining qurishi toza suv muammosi bilan birga iqlim muammolarini ham keltirib chiqardi.
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPING READING COMPETENCE
Reading competence in a foreign language is a complex psycholinguistic activity that integrates decoding, lexical access, inference, and meaning construction. This article reviews major psycholinguistic perspectives on developing reading competence and compares international theoretical models with Uzbek methodological interpretations. Using qualitative comparative literature analysis, the study systematizes bottom-up, top-down, interactive-compensatory, and construction–integration approaches, highlighting their shared emphasis on the interaction between linguistic processing and background knowledge. A comparative table summarizes how these perspectives conceptualize cognitive mechanisms such as attention, working memory, vocabulary knowledge, and strategic comprehension regulation. The results show that international scholarship primarily explains the cognitive architecture of reading, while Uzbek research intensifies practical instructional implications, including learner-centered strategy training, motivation, and contextual adaptation. The discussion outlines how these insights support ICT-based reading instruction through scaffolding, multimodal tasks, and feedback-driven comprehension monitoring.
psycholinguistics; reading competence; comprehension; cognitive processing; interactive models.
TEACHING MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION CLASSES
Morphophonological alternations are an important part of English pronunciation because they show how word forms change when morphemes are added. These changes can be seen in plural endings, past tense forms, possessive markers, stress shift, and vowel or consonant alternations in related words. For learners of English as a foreign language, such patterns may create difficulties in pronunciation, listening comprehension, spelling, and vocabulary learning. This article discusses the role of morphophonological alternations in English pronunciation classes and explains how they can be taught in a practical and understandable way. The article argues that when students learn these patterns consciously, they become more aware of English sound structure and improve both pronunciation accuracy and intelligibility.
morphophonology, morphophonological alternation, pronunciation teaching, allomorphy, stress shift, English phonology, phonological awareness
CLIPPING AS MORPHONOLOGICAL DERIVATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN TRUNCATION
Clipping in English and усечение in Russian are frequently treated as simple shortenings motivated by speed and informality. However, the resulting forms are rarely arbitrary “pieces” of the base word. Instead, they behave like new lexical stems whose shape is regulated by morphonological constraints at the morphology–phonology interface. This article compares English and Russian truncation as a type of morphonological derivation shaped by prosody, stress, and phonotactic well-formedness. The analysis shows that English clippings typically converge on compact prosodic words, often one or two syllables (lab, exam, demo), reflecting strong pressure toward prosodic minimality and perceptual salience. Russian truncations display comparable compression, but they more clearly reveal the role of inflectional integration and frequent suffixal “packaging” in colloquial speech (универ, комп, общага). The comparison supports a unified interface account: truncation creates stems that satisfy language-specific prosodic and morphological requirements.
clipping, truncation, morphonology, morphophonology, prosodic morphology, English, Russian, stress
NLA IN DEVELOPING PRESENTATION COMPETENCE IN ENGLISH B2 LEARNERS
This article explores the application of the Neurolinguistic Approach (NLA) in developing presentation competence among English B2-level learners. It argues that presentation skills represent not only linguistic output but a neurolinguistic process involving the transformation of declarative knowledge into procedural fluency. Drawing on Claude Germain’s theoretical framework, the article examines how repetition, scaffolded input, structured output, and reflective practice contribute to oral performance development. The discussion highlights cognitive, linguistic, and affective dimensions of presentation competence, emphasizing the role of anxiety reduction, feedback, and guided rehearsal in improving fluency, coherence, and communicative confidence. The article concludes that NLA-informed instruction offers a robust pedagogical model for enhancing academic presentation skills in EFL contexts.
Neurolinguistic Approach, presentation competence, B2 learners, EFL, fluency development, proceduralization, scaffolding, oral proficiency, communicative competence.
DEVELOPING INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE THROUGH PROJECT-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING (PBLT) IN EFL CLASSES
This article examines the role of Project-Based Language Teaching (PBLT) in developing interpersonal competence among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. It argues that interpersonal skills—such as collaboration, negotiation, empathy, and communication management—are essential outcomes of communicative language teaching and can be effectively fostered through structured project work. Drawing on sociocultural theory and task-based pedagogy, the article explores how PBLT creates authentic interactional contexts where learners co-construct knowledge, resolve conflicts, and engage in meaningful communication. The discussion highlights the role of teacher scaffolding, peer interaction, and reflective practice in developing interpersonal competence. The article concludes that PBLT offers a powerful pedagogical framework for integrating language development with social and interpersonal skill formation in EFL classrooms.
Project-Based Language Teaching, interpersonal competence, EFL, collaboration, communication skills, scaffolding, sociocultural theory, learner interaction.
HOW TO IMPROVE CULTURAL AWARENESS IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Cultural awareness is a vital element in English language education, especially in secondary schools, where students are exposed to a wide range of cultural perspectives. This study explores the significance of incorporating cultural awareness into English language teaching to improve secondary school students' linguistic abilities and intercultural communication skills. The research investigates effective strategies for integrating cultural content into English lessons, with a focus on fostering students' global perspectives and enhancing their motivation to learn. By employing a mixed-methods approach, the study assesses the impact of cultural awareness on students' understanding of idiomatic expressions, cross-cultural communication, and engagement with the language. Results suggest that embedding cultural content in English teaching not only strengthens students’ language proficiency but also enhances their critical thinking, adaptability, and social awareness. This paper argues for the inclusion of cultural learning within the English language curriculum to promote global citizenship and prepare students for successful communication in a multicultural world.
Cultural awareness, English language teaching, Secondary school students, Intercultural communication, Globalization, Language learning, Teaching methods, Cross-cultural understanding, ESL, Pedagogy
A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CHATGPT TO ENHANCE ACADEMIC WRITING PROFICIENCY IN FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY EFL STUDENTS
This comprehensive study establishes a rigorous methodological framework for utilizing generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically OpenAI's ChatGPT, to enhance the academic writing proficiency of first-year university students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Moving away from traditional restrictive measures or unstructured AI utilization, this paper presents the 'AI-Scaffolded Academic Writing Framework' (AI-SAWF). Rooted in Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and social constructivism, the framework repositions ChatGPT as a dynamic, interactive pedagogical scaffold rather than a passive text generator. Employing a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design, the study analyzed 120 first-year undergraduate students over a full 16-week academic semester, divided equally into an Experimental Group (utilizing the AI-SAWF model) and a Control Group (relying on traditional peer and instructor review). Quantitative evaluations based on standardized IELTS Academic Writing rubrics showed statistically significant advancements (p < 0.05) for the experimental cohort across four critical dimensions: task achievement, coherence and cohesion, lexical resource, and grammatical accuracy. Qualitative analysis derived from thematic coding of focus-group interviews, prompt logs, and reflective teacher journals demonstrated a marked reduction in writing anxiety and a profound advancement in algorithmic prompt literacy and critical thinking. Ethical hazards, such as academic plagiarism, cognitive atrophy, and data hallucinations, are critically discussed, providing clear strategic countermeasures for contemporary higher education. The paper concludes with comprehensive curriculum reform proposals to foster responsible AI literacy.
ChatGPT, Generative AI, Academic Writing, EFL Pedagogy, Zone of Proximal Development, Scaffolding Framework, Formative Feedback, Prompt Engineering, Higher Education, Educational Technology.
THE IMPACT OF CHATGPT-ASSISTED SCAFFOLDING ON DEVELOPING ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS AMONG 7TH AND 8TH-GRADE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
This study investigates the empirical impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted pedagogical scaffolding, specifically utilizing OpenAI's ChatGPT, on the development of formal academic writing skills among seventh and eighth-grade secondary school students. Over a longitudinal eight-week intervention paradigm, a randomized pre-test/post-test control group design was deployed across multiple localized educational institutions, incorporating an aggregate cohort of 140 students divided equally into an experimental group (n=70) receiving structured ChatGPT scaffolding and a traditional baseline pedagogical control group (n=70). The foundational theoretical architecture of this educational research synthesizes Lev Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Jerome Bruner’s evolutionary conceptualization of instructional scaffolding with modern cognitive load theory. Quantitative assessments focused heavily on structural syntax, lexicosemantic variations, global essay organization, argumentative cohesion, and mechanical grammatical accuracy. Statistical outcomes derived from comprehensive ANCOVA modeling revealed highly significant statistical gains within the experimental cohort compared to the traditional direct-instruction framework. Furthermore, qualitative metrics gathered via comprehensive post-intervention structured focus groups indicated a substantial mitigation of writing anxiety, marked improvements in self-regulatory drafting capabilities, and enhanced intrinsic academic motivation. However, the outcomes also underscore critical digital pedagogical contingencies, emphasizing that unmediated AI deployment may inadvertently cultivate cognitive dependency, thereby highlighting the necessity of structured, teacher-guided hybrid prompt architectures. The findings provide critical instructional benchmarks for secondary educational administrators and curriculum designers seeking to systematically integrate generative AI tools within middle school writing frameworks without compromising foundational cognitive skills.
Generative Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, Instructional Scaffolding, Academic Writing Skills, Zone of Proximal Development, Secondary Education, Pedagogy, Cognitive Load Theory, Formative Feedback.
AESTHETIC EVOLUTION AND GENRE DYNAMICS IN DORIS LESSING’S SHORT STORIES
This comprehensive academic study explores the aesthetic evolution and genre dynamics within the short stories of Doris Lessing, one of the most prominent literary figures of the twentieth century and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. This research evaluates how Lessing’s short fiction serves as a dynamic macro-laboratory for her broader narrative experiments. By investigating her canonical works across distinct creative phases—ranging from her early African socio-political realism to her psychological-existential prose, and ultimately to her late-period allegorical and science fiction structures—this paper maps the trajectory of an author who constantly shattered conventional generic constraints. Utilizing comparative-historical analysis, genological criticism, and textual semantics, the study demonstrates that Lessing redefined the short story from a static, single-layered narrative into a highly flexible, multi-voiced, and hybridized medium. The results show that her genre dynamics are intrinsically linked to her evolving socio-philosophical, feminist, and ecological ideologies, shifting from localized anti-colonial critiques to universal diagnoses of humanity's existential and civilizational crises. Ultimately, this investigation recontextualizes Lessing’s shorter fiction, establishing it not merely as a precursor to her major novels, but as an autonomous, artistically complex body of work that dramatically transformed the landscape of modern short fiction.
Doris Lessing, short fiction, aesthetic evolution, genre dynamics, hybridity, African stories, psychological realism, narrative strategies, modernism, literary transformation.
KÜNSTLICHE INTELLIGENZ UND IHR EINFLUSS AUF DAS ERLERNEN VON FREMDSPRACHEN
Die rasante Entwicklung der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) hat zahlreiche Bereiche des modernen Lebens beeinflusst, darunter auch das Bildungswesen. Insbesondere beim Erlernen von Fremdsprachen eröffnen KI-basierte Technologien neue Möglichkeiten für individualisiertes und effektives Lernen. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Rolle der künstlichen Intelligenz im Fremdsprachenunterricht zu analysieren sowie ihre Chancen und Herausforderungen zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass KI-gestützte Anwendungen die Sprachkompetenzen der Lernenden fördern können, gleichzeitig jedoch einen verantwortungsvollen und ausgewogenen Einsatz erfordern.
künstliche Intelligenz, Fremdsprachenlernen, Digitalisierung, Sprachkompetenz, Deutschunterricht, Lerntechnologien
HARBIY XIZMATCHILAR ORASIDA PULGA NISBATAN QADRIYAT-SEMANTIK MUNOSABAT
Hozirgi vaqtda harbiy xizmatchilar bilan ishlaydigan harbiy psixolog uchun yangi tendentsiya, shoshilinch ravishda nosog'lom fikri bilan kredit olish tendentsiyasi bilan bog'liq yangi muammolar to'plamining paydo bo'lishini ortib bormoqda.
OCCASIONALISM AND RELATED PHENOMENA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This article examines the terminological field surrounding occasionalism - neologism, potentialism, archaism and vulgarism - on the basis of comparative analysis. The definition, distinguishing features and features of manifestation of each phenomenon in the Uzbek language are consistently analyzed. As a result of the study, the specific linguistic status of occasionalism is determined and its place within the lexical system is determined.
occasionalism, neologism, potentialism, archaism, vulgarism, lexical norm, word formation, literary text.
LINGUISTIC FOLKLORE FEATURES OF ONOMASTIC UNITS
This article analyzes the role and linguistic and artistic functions of onomastic units — in particular, anthroponyms, toponyms and mythonyms — in the genres of Uzbek folk folklore from a scientific point of view. Based on the methodology of linguofolkloristics, the semantic and pragmatic possibilities of onomastic units in folkloric texts are shown through examples taken from folk epics, fairy tales, proverbs and songs. The results of the study serve to further understand the importance of onomastics at the intersection of linguistics and folkloristics.
onomastics, linguistic folklore, anthroponym, toponym, mythonym, folkloric text, semantics.
ALLUSION THEORY: MAIN APPROACHES AND CONTROVERSIES
This article analyzes the approaches presented in the works of three main sources of allusion theory—Ziva Ben-Porat (1976), Carmela Perry (1978), and William Irwin (2001). The aim is to comparatively review the definitions and theoretical models of these three scholars and to establish a methodological framework for the linguopoetic study of allusion.
allusion, intertextuality, linguopoetics, literary text, semantics, pragmatics.